{
    "id": 5066,
    "date": "2026-06-26T13:13:29",
    "date_gmt": "2026-06-26T11:13:29",
    "guid": {
        "rendered": "https:\/\/www.phinc-group.com\/?p=5066"
    },
    "modified": "2026-07-20T15:04:02",
    "modified_gmt": "2026-07-20T13:04:02",
    "slug": "a-guide-to-the-fda-announcement-to-phase-out-animal-testing",
    "status": "publish",
    "type": "post",
    "link": "https:\/\/www.phinc-group.com\/fr\/a-guide-to-the-fda-announcement-to-phase-out-animal-testing\/",
    "title": {
        "rendered": "Guide de l’annonce de la FDA sur l’abandon progressif des tests sur les animaux"
    },
    "content": {
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padding-right: 24px; }\r\n      .hero { padding: 100px 24px 60px; }\r\n      .intro-strip, .context-section, .split-section, .midd-grid, .opps-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\r\n      .cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\r\n      .quote-section { padding: 60px 24px; }\r\n      .cta-section { padding: 80px 24px; }\r\n      .hero { grid-template-columns: 1fr; padding: 48px 24px; }\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n  <!-- HERO -->\r\n  <section class=\"hero\">\r\n    <div class=\"hero-content\">\r\n      <div class=\"hero-kicker\">FDA Modernization Act 2.0<\/div>\r\n      <h1>\r\n        Guide de l'annonce de la FDA sur l'abandon progressif des tests sur les animaux :<br>\r\n        <em style=\"font-size:0.5em; line-height:1.3; display:block; margin-top:8px;\">La prochaine \u00e8re du pr\u00e9clinique : mod\u00e8les non animaux &amp; pharmacom\u00e9trie<\/em>\r\n      <\/h1>\r\n      <p class=\"hero-sub\">\r\n        Le paysage du d\u00e9veloppement pr\u00e9clinique des m\u00e9dicaments subit un changement de paradigme majeur, motiv\u00e9 par le besoin de donn\u00e9es plus pertinentes pour l'homme et par un mouvement r\u00e9glementaire mondial en faveur de tests d'innocuit\u00e9 \u00e9thiques.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"hero-actions\">\r\n        <a href=\"#intro\" class=\"btn-primary\">Lire le guide<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phinc-group.com\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn-outline\">Parler \u00e0 un expert<\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"hero-image-placeholder\">\r\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.phinc-group.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/FDA-Approval-MIDD-File.png\" alt=\"FDA MIDD - PhinC Group\" style=\"width:100%; height:100%; object-fit:cover; border-radius:4px;\" \/>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- INTRO -->\r\n  <div class=\"intro-strip\" id=\"intro\">\r\n    <div>\r\n      <div class=\"section-label\">Contexte<\/div>\r\n      <h2>Un changement<br>de <span>paradigme majeur<\/span><\/h2>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div>\r\n      <p>L'adoption du FDA Modernization Act 2.0 en d\u00e9cembre 2022 a constitu\u00e9 un moment charni\u00e8re qui a supprim\u00e9 l'obligation l\u00e9gale de r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9tudes sur les animaux comme seule voie d'acc\u00e8s aux essais cliniques chez l'homme (Najjar et al., 2023).<\/p>\r\n      <p>Cette l\u00e9gislation autorise explicitement l'utilisation de nouvelles approches m\u00e9thodologiques (NAM \u2014 Non-Animal Models \/ New Approach Methodologies), telles que les essais cellulaires et les syst\u00e8mes microphysiologiques (MPS), associ\u00e9es en synergie avec la pharmacom\u00e9trie, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la mod\u00e9lisation pharmacocin\u00e9tique \u00e0 base physiologique (PBPK) et la mod\u00e9lisation pharmacocin\u00e9tique\/pharmacodynamique (PK\/PD). Ensemble, ces outils quantitatifs permettent d'\u00e9valuer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et l'efficacit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dicaments lorsque cela est scientifiquement justifi\u00e9 (Garc\u00eda, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n      <p>Cette transition d\u00e9passe la simple conformit\u00e9 \u00e9thique ; elle s'attaque aux taux d'attrition \u00e9lev\u00e9s dans le d\u00e9veloppement de m\u00e9dicaments caus\u00e9s par la faible valeur pr\u00e9dictive translationnelle des mod\u00e8les animaux traditionnels (Paliwal et al., 2020 ; Sun et al., 2022). En s'appuyant sur des approches centr\u00e9es sur l'homme et riches en m\u00e9canismes, port\u00e9es par le d\u00e9veloppement de m\u00e9dicaments bas\u00e9 sur des mod\u00e8les (MIDD \u2014 Model-Informed Drug Development), l'industrie entre dans une \u00e8re de toxicologie et de pharmacologie pr\u00e9dictives acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9es, pr\u00e9cises et plus fiables.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- LA PROCHAINE \u00c8RE -->\r\n  <section class=\"context-section\" id=\"prochaine-ere\">\r\n    <div class=\"context-sticky\">\r\n      <div class=\"section-label\">La prochaine \u00e8re<\/div>\r\n      <h2>Du d\u00e9veloppement<br>pr\u00e9clinique des<br>m\u00e9dicaments<\/h2>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div>\r\n      <p>Historiquement, l'exp\u00e9rimentation animale a \u00e9t\u00e9 cruciale pour prendre des d\u00e9cisions de type \"go\/no-go\" aux \u00e9tapes cl\u00e9s de la transition dans le pipeline des m\u00e9dicaments. Cependant, les \u00e9checs en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et d'efficacit\u00e9 restent des causes majeures d'attrition dans la d\u00e9couverte de m\u00e9dicaments, mettant en \u00e9vidence les limites des esp\u00e8ces non humaines \u00e0 imiter la physiopathologie humaine (Goldring, n.d.). Cela est particuli\u00e8rement vrai pour les th\u00e9rapies hautement cibl\u00e9es, telles que les th\u00e9rapies cellulaires et g\u00e9niques ou les produits biologiques avanc\u00e9s, qui reposent sur des interactions pr\u00e9cises avec des r\u00e9cepteurs et des microenvironnements tissulaires sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l'homme que les mod\u00e8les animaux ne parviennent souvent pas \u00e0 reproduire (Santos, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n      <p>Les NAM et la pharmacom\u00e9trie comblent ce foss\u00e9 translationnel en utilisant un cadre quantitatif et ax\u00e9 sur les donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- CARDS: M\u00c9THODES -->\r\n  <section class=\"cards-section\" id=\"nams\">\r\n    <div class=\"section-label\">New Approach Methodologies<\/div>\r\n    <h2>Les outils qui<br><span>comblent le foss\u00e9 translationnel<\/span><\/h2>\r\n    <div class=\"cards-grid\">\r\n      <div class=\"card\">\r\n        <div class=\"card-icon\">\u2697\ufe0f<\/div>\r\n        <h3>M\u00e9thodes in-vitro et in-chemico<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Essais cellulaires complexes qui \u00e9valuent les effets biologiques et toxicologiques des substances au niveau cellulaire, fournissant les param\u00e8tres bruts (par exemple, la clairance intrins\u00e8que, l'affinit\u00e9 pour les r\u00e9cepteurs) n\u00e9cessaires aux mod\u00e8les informatiques.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"card\">\r\n        <div class=\"card-icon\">\ud83d\udd2c<\/div>\r\n        <h3>Syst\u00e8mes microphysiologiques (MPS)<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Souvent appel\u00e9s \u00ab organes sur puce \u00bb, ces mod\u00e8les cellulaires avanc\u00e9s imitent les interactions entre les organes humains. Par exemple, les puces multi-organes (ex. peau-foie-thyro\u00efde) peuvent int\u00e9grer les voies d'exposition et le m\u00e9tabolisme, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant des donn\u00e9es sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l'homme hautement pr\u00e9cises pour alimenter les mod\u00e8les pr\u00e9dictifs (Najjar et al., 2023).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"card\">\r\n        <div class=\"card-icon\">\ud83d\udcbb<\/div>\r\n        <h3>Pharmacom\u00e9trie & mod\u00e9lisation in-silico<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Le moteur math\u00e9matique traduisant les donn\u00e9es exp\u00e9rimentales en pr\u00e9dictions pour l'homme : mod\u00e9lisation PBPK, PK\/PD et pharmacologie des syst\u00e8mes quantitatifs (QSP). Ces cadres permettent une extrapolation robuste des r\u00e9sultats in vitro vers des pr\u00e9dictions dose-r\u00e9ponse in vivo chez l'homme, garantissant une \u00e9valuation des risques de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration (NGRA) (Najjar et al., 2023).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n <!-- MIDD SECTION -->\r\n  <section class=\"midd-section\" id=\"midd\">\r\n    <div class=\"section-label\">Pharmacom\u00e9trie &amp; mod\u00e9lisation in-silico<\/div>\r\n    <h2 style=\"color:white\">Le moteur math\u00e9matique<br>de la nouvelle \u00e8re pr\u00e9clinique<\/h2>\r\n    <div class=\"midd-grid\">\r\n      <div class=\"midd-text\">\r\n        <h3>Mod\u00e9lisation PBPK<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Int\u00e8gre les m\u00e9canismes physiologiques (d\u00e9bit sanguin, volumes des organes) aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s chimiques sp\u00e9cifiques du m\u00e9dicament pour pr\u00e9dire comment un compos\u00e9 sera absorb\u00e9, distribu\u00e9, m\u00e9tabolis\u00e9 et excr\u00e9t\u00e9 (ADME) chez l'homme, en contournant compl\u00e8tement le besoin d'un saut d'\u00e9chelle allom\u00e9trique (allometric scaling) \u00e0 partir des animaux.<\/p>\r\n        <h3>Mod\u00e9lisation PK\/PD<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Relie l'exposition pr\u00e9dite au m\u00e9dicament (PK) \u00e0 la r\u00e9ponse biologique ou \u00e0 la toxicit\u00e9 (PD) au cours du temps.<\/p>\r\n        <h3>Pharmacologie des syst\u00e8mes quantitatifs (QSP)<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\u00c9value de mani\u00e8re m\u00e9canistique comment un m\u00e9dicament interagit avec les voies biologiques pour pr\u00e9dire les \u00e9v\u00e9nements toxiques (Goldring, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n        <div class=\"midd-pills\">\r\n          <a href=\"\/fr\/service\/pbpk\/\" class=\"pill active\">PBPK<\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"\/fr\/service\/poppk-pd\/\" class=\"pill active\">PK\/PD<\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"\/fr\/QSP\/\" class=\"pill active\">QSP<\/a>\r\n          \r\n          <a href=\"\/fr\/midd\/\" class=\"pill active\">MIDD<\/a>\r\n          \r\n          <span class=\"pill\">Allometric scaling<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"pill\">ADME<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div style=\"align-self:start; margin-top:0;\">\r\n        <div class=\"midd-visual\">\r\n          <h3>Du <em>in vitro<\/em> au <em>in vivo<\/em> chez l'homme<\/h3>\r\n          <div class=\"flow-item\">\r\n            <div class=\"flow-num\">1<\/div>\r\n            <div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-title\">Donn\u00e9es <em>in vitro<\/em> &amp; in-chemico<\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-label\">Clairance intrins\u00e8que, affinit\u00e9 pour les r\u00e9cepteurs, param\u00e8tres ADME bruts<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"flow-item\">\r\n            <div class=\"flow-num\">2<\/div>\r\n            <div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-title\">Donn\u00e9es MPS (organes sur puce)<\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-label\">Voies d'exposition, m\u00e9tabolisme, donn\u00e9es sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l'homme hautement pr\u00e9cises<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"flow-item\">\r\n            <div class=\"flow-num\">3<\/div>\r\n            <div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-title\">Mod\u00e8le PBPK<\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-label\">Int\u00e9gration des m\u00e9canismes physiologiques humains \u2014 pr\u00e9diction ADME sans extrapolation animale<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"flow-item\">\r\n            <div class=\"flow-num\">4<\/div>\r\n            <div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-title\">Mod\u00e9lisation PK\/PD &amp; QSP<\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-label\">Exposition \u2192 r\u00e9ponse biologique; voies biologiques m\u00e9canistiques<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"flow-item\">\r\n            <div class=\"flow-num\">5<\/div>\r\n            <div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-title\">\u00c9valuation des risques de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration (NGRA)<\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"flow-label\">Extrapolation robuste concentration-r\u00e9ponse <em>in vitro<\/em> \u2192 dose-r\u00e9ponse <em>in vivo<\/em> chez l'homme<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- PR\u00c9C\u00c9DENTS MONDIAUX -->\r\n  <section class=\"timeline-section\" id=\"precedents\">\r\n    <div class=\"section-label\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents mondiaux<\/div>\r\n    <h2>La minimisation des tests sur<br>les animaux : <span>un effort international<\/span><\/h2>\r\n    <p style=\"max-width:680px; color:var(--text-muted); font-weight:300;\">Bien que le FDA Modernization Act 2.0 soit un jalon important aux \u00c9tats-Unis, il s'appuie sur des d\u00e9cennies de pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents mondiaux ancr\u00e9s dans les principes des 3R : Remplacement, R\u00e9duction et Raffinement de l'utilisation des animaux (Santos, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"timeline\">\r\n      <div class=\"timeline-item\">\r\n        <div class=\"timeline-dot\"><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"timeline-year\">\u00c9tats-Unis \u2014 D\u00e9cembre 2022<\/div>\r\n        <h3>FDA Modernization Act 2.0<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Suppression de l'obligation l\u00e9gale de r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9tudes sur les animaux comme seule voie d'acc\u00e8s aux essais cliniques chez l'homme. Autorisation explicite des NAM, essais cellulaires, MPS, PBPK et PK\/PD lorsque scientifiquement justifi\u00e9s (Najjar et al., 2023).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"timeline-item\">\r\n        <div class=\"timeline-dot\"><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"timeline-year\">Union europ\u00e9enne<\/div>\r\n        <h3>Directive 2010\/63\/UE &amp; pionni\u00e8re des 3R<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Op\u00e9rant sous la directive 2010\/63\/UE, l'Europe a \u00e9t\u00e9 pionni\u00e8re dans la minimisation des tests sur les animaux, illustr\u00e9e par l'interdiction de 2013 sur les tests animaux pour les cosm\u00e9tiques. Des agences telles que l'Agence europ\u00e9enne des m\u00e9dicaments (EMA) soutient activement le MIDD et r\u00e9visent les lignes directrices pour faciliter l'acceptation r\u00e9glementaire des approches 3R et des donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par les NAM (Courtot, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"timeline-item\">\r\n        <div class=\"timeline-dot\"><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"timeline-year\">Royaume-Uni<\/div>\r\n        <h3>Plan strat\u00e9gique d'\u00e9limination progressive<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Le Royaume-Uni a r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9 un plan strat\u00e9gique ambitieux visant \u00e0 \u00e9liminer progressivement les tests sur les animaux, dans le but d'int\u00e9grer syst\u00e9matiquement les NAM et les m\u00e9thodes in silico dans les cadres r\u00e9glementaires (Courtot, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- IMPLICATIONS -->\r\n  <section class=\"opps-section\" id=\"implications\">\r\n    <div class=\"section-label\">Implications<\/div>\r\n    <h2>Pour le d\u00e9veloppement de m\u00e9dicaments,<br>la strat\u00e9gie r\u00e9glementaire et les <span>m\u00e9thodes alternatives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n    <p style=\"color:var(--text-muted); font-weight:300; margin-bottom:0;\">L'ouverture de la FDA aux NAM signifie que les agences r\u00e9glementaires sont r\u00e9ceptives aux preuves non animales, \u00e0 condition qu'elles soient adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 l'usage pr\u00e9vu (\u00ab fit-for-purpose \u00bb) et scientifiquement robustes (Garc\u00eda, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"opps-grid\" style=\"margin-top:48px;\">\r\n      <div class=\"opp-card\">\r\n        <h3>1. Strat\u00e9gie de d\u00e9veloppement des m\u00e9dicaments<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Les promoteurs doivent passer d'essais purement descriptifs \u00e0 des approches m\u00e9canistiques bas\u00e9es sur des mod\u00e8les. En int\u00e9grant les organo\u00efdes et la mod\u00e9lisation PBPK\/PD t\u00f4t dans le pipeline, les d\u00e9veloppeurs peuvent simuler des sc\u00e9narios cliniques in silico. Cela permet aux \u00e9quipes d'identifier les risques de toxicit\u00e9, d'optimiser le comportement des formulations et de pr\u00e9dire avec pr\u00e9cision les doses initiales pour les premiers essais chez l'homme (FIH \u2014 First-In-Human) avant de passer \u00e0 des essais cliniques co\u00fbteux (Garc\u00eda, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"opp-card\">\r\n        <h3>2. Strat\u00e9gie r\u00e9glementaire<\/h3>\r\n        <p>L'objectif des agences r\u00e9glementaires n'est pas d'abaisser la barre de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, mais de promouvoir une meilleure science, justifi\u00e9e math\u00e9matiquement. Les promoteurs qui cherchent \u00e0 exploiter les NAM doivent d\u00e9montrer la pertinence physiologique, la performance pr\u00e9dictive et le statut de validation des mod\u00e8les choisis (Garc\u00eda, n.d.). Un engagement pr\u00e9coce par le biais de m\u00e9canismes tels que le programme de r\u00e9unions jumel\u00e9es MIDD (MIDD Paired Meeting Program) de la FDA ou la Task Force Innovation de l'EMA est essentiel. Les r\u00e9gulateurs s'attendent de plus en plus \u00e0 voir comment les donn\u00e9es in vitro alimentent les mod\u00e8les PBPK pour justifier les marges de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 avant les soumissions de demande d'autorisation de mise sur le march\u00e9 (AMM) (Courtot, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"opp-card\">\r\n        <h3>3. Int\u00e9gration des mod\u00e8les non animaux (NAM)<\/h3>\r\n        <p>Les NAM compl\u00e9teront la bo\u00eete \u00e0 outils biopharmaceutique classique plut\u00f4t que de la remplacer imm\u00e9diatement dans sa totalit\u00e9. Leur mise en \u0153uvre n\u00e9cessite une normalisation rigoureuse pour garantir qu'elles peuvent remplacer, r\u00e9duire ou raffiner de mani\u00e8re cr\u00e9dible les \u00e9tudes sur les animaux. La pharmacom\u00e9trie sert de pont indispensable, traduisant les r\u00e9sultats statiques des NAM in vitro en pr\u00e9dictions dynamiques in vivo chez l'homme, sans compromettre la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine (Garc\u00eda, n.d.).<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- TABLE COMPARATIVE -->\r\n  <section class=\"models-section\" id=\"comparaison\">\r\n    <div class=\"section-label\">Tableau comparatif<\/div>\r\n    <h2>Mod\u00e8les traditionnels vs<br><span>NAM &amp; Pharmacom\u00e9trie (PBPK &amp; PK\/PD)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n    <table class=\"models-table\">\r\n      <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <th>Caract\u00e9ristique<\/th>\r\n          <th>Mod\u00e8les animaux traditionnels<\/th>\r\n          <th>NAM + Pharmacom\u00e9trie (PBPK &amp; PK\/PD)<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/thead>\r\n      <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Pertinence physiologique<\/td>\r\n          <td>Limit\u00e9e en raison des diff\u00e9rences entre les esp\u00e8ces.<\/td>\r\n          <td>\u00c9lev\u00e9e ; utilise des cellules et tissus humains, ainsi que des param\u00e8tres physiologiques humains exacts.<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Pr\u00e9diction des doses et mise \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle<\/td>\r\n          <td>Repose sur une mise \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle allom\u00e9trique empirique ; souvent inexacte.<\/td>\r\n          <td>Utilise la mod\u00e9lisation m\u00e9canistique PBPK pour des pr\u00e9dictions de dose humaine hautement pr\u00e9cises.<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Co\u00fbt et d\u00e9bit<\/td>\r\n          <td>Co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9, faible d\u00e9bit, forte intensit\u00e9 en ressources.<\/td>\r\n          <td>Diminution des co\u00fbts in-vitro, capacit\u00e9s de traitement \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit in silico.<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>M\u00e9canisme d'action<\/td>\r\n          <td>Souvent observationnel et descriptif.<\/td>\r\n          <td>Hautement m\u00e9canistique, reliant directement les donn\u00e9es mol\u00e9culaires \u00e0 des r\u00e9sultats syst\u00e9miques simul\u00e9s.<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Conformit\u00e9 \u00e9thique<\/td>\r\n          <td>Pr\u00e9occupation majeure ; de plus en plus restreint \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle mondiale.<\/td>\r\n          <td>Enti\u00e8rement align\u00e9 avec les 3R (Remplacement, R\u00e9duction, Raffinement).<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/tbody>\r\n    <\/table>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- R\u00c9F\u00c9RENCES -->\r\n  <section class=\"timeline-section\" id=\"references\" style=\"padding-top:64px; padding-bottom:64px;\">\r\n    <div class=\"section-label\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/div>\r\n    <h2>Sources<\/h2>\r\n    <div style=\"margin-top:32px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:12px;\">\r\n      <p style=\"font-size:14px; border-left:3px solid var(--border); padding-left:16px; margin:0;\">Courtot, L. (n.d.). <em>NAMs In France And Europe: The Current Landscape.<\/em> Drug Discovery Online. (Posted on 20th March 2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drugdiscoveryonline.com\/doc\/nams-in-france-and-europe-the-current-landscape-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--accent, #d94b9f);\">Voir la source<\/a><\/p>\r\n      <p style=\"font-size:14px; border-left:3px solid var(--border); padding-left:16px; margin:0;\">Garc\u00eda, M. A. (25th April 2026). <em>Application of New Approach Methodologies to Improve Oral Biopharmaceutic Assessments.<\/em> MDPI. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/5\/552\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--accent, #d94b9f);\">Voir la source<\/a><\/p>\r\n      <p style=\"font-size:14px; border-left:3px solid var(--border); padding-left:16px; margin:0;\">Goldring, C. E. (n.d.). <em>Quantitative systems toxicology: modelling to mechanistically understand and predict drug safety.<\/em> University of Liverpool Repository. (Deposited on 28th October 2025 ; modified on 23rd May 2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk\/3195045\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--accent, #d94b9f);\">Voir la source<\/a><\/p>\r\n      <p style=\"font-size:14px; border-left:3px solid var(--border); padding-left:16px; margin:0;\">Najjar, A., Kramer, N., Gardner, I., Hartung, T., &amp; Steger-Hartmann, T. (2023). <em>Editorial: Advances in and applications of predictive toxicology: 2022.<\/em> Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/pharmacology\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1257423\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--accent, #d94b9f);\">Voir la source<\/a><\/p>\r\n      <p style=\"font-size:14px; border-left:3px solid var(--border); padding-left:16px; margin:0;\">Santos, J. A. (n.d.). <em>New Approach Methods In Practice: Where Are We Today.<\/em> Drug Discovery Online. (Article posted on the 10th of February 2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drugdiscoveryonline.com\/doc\/new-approach-methods-in-practice-where-are-we-today-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:var(--accent, #d94b9f);\">Voir la source<\/a><\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n  <!-- CTA -->\r\n  <section class=\"cta-section\">\r\n    <div class=\"cta-eyebrow\">PhinC Group \u00b7 MIDD Experts<\/div>\r\n    <h2>Stop Guessing. <span>Start Modeling.<\/span><\/h2>\r\n    <p>La transition vers les m\u00e9thodes non animales est en marche. Nos \u00e9quipes de pharmacom\u00e9trie vous accompagnent pour positionner votre programme en t\u00eate de cette r\u00e9volution.<\/p>\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phinc-group.com\/en\/contact\/\" class=\"btn-primary\">Discuter de votre projet<\/a>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>",
        "protected": false
    },
    "excerpt": {
        "rendered": "<p>Le paysage du d\u00e9veloppement pr\u00e9clinique des m\u00e9dicaments subit un changement de paradigme majeur, motiv\u00e9 par le besoin de donn\u00e9es plus pertinentes pour l&rsquo;homme et par un mouvement r\u00e9glementaire mondial en faveur de tests d&rsquo;innocuit\u00e9 \u00e9thiques.<\/p>",
        "protected": false
    },
    "author": 2,
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